Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research logo
Submit
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and ResearchAn Official Publication of Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India (APTI)
Review

The Interplay between Traumatic Brain Injury, Cocaine Abuse, and Genetic Mutations in the Development of Parkinsons Disease: A Review

1,2, 1, 3, 1, 1

  1. 1Depatment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagara, Karnataka, INDIA.
  2. 2Department of Pharmacology, Akshaya Institute of Pharmacy, Tumkur, affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA.
  3. 3Department of Chemistry, Akshaya Institute of Pharmacy, Tumkur, affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA.

CORRESPONDENCE

Syed Sagheer Ahmed

Depatment of Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G. Nagara, Karnataka, INDIA.

sysaha6835@gmail.com

Received: 16-12-2025; Revised: 08-01-2026; Accepted: 23-03-2026.

Volume 60, Issue 3 · pp. 918-924 · 2026 · DOI: 10.5530/ijper.20262583

ABSTRACT

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the depletion of dopamine neurotransmitters and receptors. Although the etiology of PD is multifactorial, emerging evidence suggests that Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), cocaine abuse, and genetic mutations may contribute to the development and progression of PD. This review summarizes the current understanding of the interplay between TBI, cocaine abuse, and genetic mutations in DA homeostasis in PD. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying DA depletion and receptor dysfunction in PD, and how TBI, cocaine abuse, and genetic mutations may exacerbate these processes. Ultimately, a complex relationship between TBI, cocaine abuse, genetic mutations in dopamine, and PD has been identified.

KEYWORDS

Open in new tab

REFERENCES

As published

Showing references and in-text citations exactly as published.

    Cite this article

    SELECT FORMAT

    Qutboddin, M., Ahmed, S. S., Abbas, N., Ali, M., & Raghunathanaidu, B. D. (2026). The Interplay between Traumatic Brain Injury, Cocaine Abuse, and Genetic Mutations in the Development of Parkinsons Disease: A Review. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 60(3), 918-924. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.20262583

    Copyright and licence

    © 2026 Author(s)

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. CC BY 4.0